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Omar Abdullah

Omar Abdullah

Omar Abdullah was a minister in Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Indian administration. He is the son of Farooq Abdullah and grandson of Shaikh Abdullah. n 1998, Omar Abdullah was elected to 12th Lok Sabha. In 1998-99, he was Member, Committee on Transport and Tourism and Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Tourism. He was the youngest Minister at the age of 29. In 1999, he was re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term). On October 13, 1999 he took oath as Union Minister of State, Commerce and Industry. On July 22, 2001, he was made Union Minister of State, External Affairs. Later, he moved away from the Centre with an eye on Jammu and Kashmir political mantle. He probably will be the third generation chief minister from the Sheikh lineage. Omar Adbullah is seen as a moderniser, keen to reform Kashmir's dilapidated economy. Farooq Abdullah’s strategy to abstain on voting in the House on the Gujarat issue, and Omar Abdullah’s giving in his resignation were seen all seen as moves by the father-son duo to establish Omar Abdullah in the Valley. Farooq Abdullah's party faced a humiliating loss in the state. Omar was unable to get elected to the Legislative Assembly. He remains active in Kashmiri politics as a leader of the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference. Omar was re-elected to the Lok Sabha for the third time in a row from Srinagar and he continues to represent that constituency. Educated in Bombay (Mumbai), Omar holds a Bachelors degree in Commerce. He is widely travelled, enjoys reading, and is a keen sportsman – skiing, swimming, tennis and Motocross Riding being his favourite sports. Omar has two sons from his wife, Payal. Category:Indian politicians

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Atal Bihari Vajpayee (अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी in Devanagari) (born December 25, 1924) was the Prime Minister of India in 1996 and again from October 13, 1998 until May 19, 2004. He is the senior-most leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party and Hindu Nationalism in Indian politics. He has served as a member of the Parliament of India for nearly 50 years.

Early Life and Family

Vajpayee is a native of Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and has been active in Indian politics throughout his adult life (as a member of parliament, he has often resided in Delhi). He holds the distinction of being a well-educated politician, having earned a masters degree in political science from the Victoria College (now Laxmibai College) and DAV College. He is well-known for being a poet, and has published a book of poetry. He is a bachelor, and has adopted daughters of Mrs & Mr. B. N. Kaul: Nandita (Nanyee) and Namita (Goonoo). Nandita is a doctor in US and Namita lives in Delhi. Nandita is married to Ashok Nanda, a software engineer and Namita is married to Ranjan Bhattacharya and has two daughters.

Early Political Career

He began his involvement in politics as a freedom-fighter during the Quit India Movement of 1942-1945, initially adhering to Communism, but shedding that for membership in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the foundation of Hindutva, or Hindu Nationalism and the Right-Wing in Indian politics. He became a student and close follower and aide to Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the leader of the right-wing, pro-Hindu Bharatiya Jana Sangh. When Mookherjee went on a fast-unto-death in Kashmir in 1953, protesting the id card requirement and inferior treatment of Indian citizens visiting Kashmir, and the special treatment of Kashmir just because it was Muslim-majority, Vajpayee was close by his side. Mookherjee's fast and protest ended the id requirement, and hastened the integration of Kashmir into the Indian Union. But Mookherjee died after weeks of weakness, illness and being confined in jail. These events were a watershed for the young Vajpayee. Taking the baton from Mookherjee, Vajpayee won his first parliamentary seat in 1957. Leading the BJS, he expanded its political appeal, organization and agenda. He soon became a respected voice in the opposition, one of reason and intelligence despite his youth. His broad appeal brought respect, recognition and acceptance in the mainsteam of a rising nationalist cultural movement. Vajpayee has served in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and represented the constituencies of Lucknow and Gwalior.

Vision and Character

See Also: Indian Nationalism, Hindutva, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Atal Bihari Vajpayee's politics have grown from a base of intelligence, vigorous idealism and discipline to wisdom, practicality and leadership. Vajpayee spread the gospel of Mookerjee, who hailed the richness of Hindu culture, history, customs and the diverse peoples and philosophies that compose Hindu society. Mookerjee was one of the first political proponents of Hindutva, or Hindu Nationalism. Mookerjee and Vajpayee strongly opposed the separate civil law codes for different religions. They opposed the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Vajpayee brought Hindutva to national prominence in the 1980s. He strongly defended Hindu culture against the criticism of Westernized citizens and cultural invasion, asking common Hindus to take pride in who they were. Vajpayee's politics evolved from these core beliefs to support strong national defence, patriotic community and national service from young Indians, and free-market, pro-opportunity and pro-business economic system. He felt India should rise to its inherent role as a regional and world leader by example and progress, but never should the fundamental security and integrity of the nation be sacrficed to accommodate others. Though often a fiery, inspirational orator and a man of strong convictions through the 1950s and 1960s, Vajpayee entered the mainstream in the mould of a leader maturing his beliefs and agenda to reality and appearing thus more moderate than many of his colleagues. In all his three terms, he was Prime Minister leading a coalition, not just his own political party, which compromised the BJP's core, and most controversial agenda. And many groups only entered the coalition only with the assurance of Vajpayee being the PM.

The Janata Phase

While the Bharatiya Jana Sangh had strong constituencies of support, it failed to dislodge the Indian National Congress. Indira Gandhi's winning vast majorities in 1969 and 1971 only diminished other political parties. In 1974 when PM Gandhi imposed a state of Emergency, the RSS and BJS joined a wide-array of parties in opposing the suspension of elections and civil liberties. Vajpayee was briefly jailed during the Indian Emergency. When Indira Gandhi called elections in 1977, the BJS joined the Janata coalition wholeheartedly, a vast collage of regional groups, socialist, communist and right-wing forces. Janata swept the polls and formed the next government. Under Prime Minister Morarji Desai, Vajpayee took office as the Minister for External Affairs. His friend Lal Krishna Advani took charge of the Union Ministry for Information and Broadcasting. In a tenure lasting just 2 years, Vajpayee achieved major milestones. He went on a historic visit to China in 1979, normalizing relations with that Asian giant for the first time since the 1962 war. He also visited Pakistan and initiated normal dialogue and trade relations that were frozen since the 1971 War and political instability in both countries. This was particularly surprising for a man perceived as a hard-right Hindu nationalist at the time. Minister Vajpayee represented the nation at the International Disarmament Conference, where he defended the national nuclear program (India had become the 6th nuclear power in the world with one underground nuclear test in Pokhran in 1974), the centerpiece of national security in the Cold War world, especially as China was a nuclear power. Although he resigned in 1979 when the Government politically attacked the RSS, he had established his credentials as an experienced statesman and respectable political leader.

The Rise of the BJP

Vajpayee resigned from government with Morarji Desai's resignation as Prime Minister, and the Janata dissolved soon after. The BJS was left exhausted by the internecine wars of Janata, having devoted its political organization to it almost entirely. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, along with many BJS and RSS colleagues, especially his long-time and close friend Lal Krishna Advani, formed the Bharatiya Janata Party, the new home of Hindutva, right-wing social and economic ideas and nationalism. Vajpayee became its founding President. The BJP initially attacked the Congress govt. from all sides, and while strongly opposing the Sikh militancy that was rising in the state of Punjab, it blamed Indira Gandhi for divisive and corrupt politics that fostered the militancy at national expense. Although supporting Operation Bluestar, the BJP strongly protested the violence against Sikhs in Delhi that broke out in 1984 following the murder of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. Although it won only 2 seats in the 1984 elections owing to a nationwide sympathy vote for Rajiv Gandhi and the Congress Party (a historic landslide for them) after his mother's murder, the BJP had established itself in the mainsteam of politics, and soon began expanding its organization to young, second and third generation Indians in widespread parts of the country. And while Vajpayee remained centerstage either as party President or Leader of the Opposition in Parliament, more and more young, hardline Hindu nationalists began to rise within the party and define its politics. The BJP became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir Movement, led by activists of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and the RSS, seeking to build a temple dedicated to the Lord Rama, incarnation of the Supreme Lord Vishnu and of the Ramayana epic, at the site of a mosque in the city of Ayodhya. Hindu activists believed this site to be the birthplace of the Lord, one of the most sacred sites in Hinduism. On December 6, 1992, hundreds of VHP and BJP activists broke down an organized protest into a frenzy of attacking the mosque structure. By the end of the day, the mosque had crumbled to pieces, and over the following weeks, waves of violence erupted between Hindus and Muslims in different parts of the country, killing over 10,000 people. The VHP was banned, and many BJP leaders including Lal Krishna Advani were arrested briefly for provoking the destruction. Although widely condemned by many across the country for playing politics with sensitive issues, the BJP won the loyalty and support of millions of conservative Hindus, as well as national prominence.

Prime Minister of India, Twice

Political energy and expansion for the BJP made it the single-largest political party in the Lok Sabha elected in 1996. Mired down by corruption scandals, the Congress was at a historic low, and a vast medley of regional parties and break-off factions dominated the hung Parliament. Asked to form the Government, A.B. Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister, but the BJP failed to gather enough support from other parties to make a majority. Vajpayee was forced to resign after just 13 days, when it was clear there could be no majority. After a third-party coalition ruled between 1996 and 1998, the terribly divided Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections again put the BJP on the front. This time, a cohesive bloc of political parties lined up with it to form the National Democratic Alliance, and A.B. Vajpayee was sworn in as the Prime Minister, and the NDA proved its 286 vote majority in a narrow vote of confidence. Vajpayee strode into a decisive phase of national life and history: the Congress Party, dominant over 40 years, had fallen into ignominy, and warring, corrupt and fractious regional parties threatened the very stability of the nation by continually fracturing government work. The failed third-party coalition presented two years of chaos and pure incompetence. No visible and inspiring leaders showed amidst a myriad of confusion, and a struggling economy dampened the hopes of the whole nation. With terrorism strong in Kashmir and the Northeastern states, and with the inherent national problems of poverty, illiteracy, corruption and unemployment plaguing uniformly, it was the worst period in free India's history. A.B. Vajpayee faced several crises while heading a fractious coalition. Tamil Nadu's AIADMK party continually threatened, on one point or the other, to withdraw support from the coalition, exhausting the Government before it could take off. In a situation comic and tragic as well, national leaders had to fly down from Delhi to Chennai to pacify the AIADMK chief J. Jayalalitha. But Prime Minister Vajpayee also earned kudos for strong leadership in this chaotic period.

Pokhran, Lahore and Kargil

Prime Minister Vajpayee began his potent term of office by changing the direction of the nation completely. In May 1998, India continued 5 absolute surprise underground nuclear weapon tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan. The 5 tests sent the desert rumbling all the way into Pakistan, and shocked and surprised the world. Two weeks later, Pakistan responded with its own nuclear testing, making it the World's newest nuclear weapons power. It is widely speculated that the tests were planned in 1995, but Vajpayee takes credit for decisively acting on such an important issue. The first and only nuclear test India undertook was in 1974, and its nuclear ability, potential and defensive systems were unproven and undeveloped since. But Pakistan's aggressively progressing nuclear program and China's atomic and ballistic missile dominance made it essential for India to rejuvenate, modernize, expand and prepare. The five tests took the world completely by surprise, showing not only the skill of counter-intelligence, but the leadership of PM Vajpayee, who decided to brave the worst criticism and sanctions from literally the whole world. Although nations like Russia and France endorsed India's right to defensive nuclear power, the USA, Canada, Japan, the UK and the European Union imposed sanctions on the selling of military equipment and high-tech scientific information, resources and technology to both India and Pakistan. Although introducing the nuclear element in South Asia, PM Vajpayee's move solidified national defenses, denying Pakistan and China a major, and terrible advantage. His popularity and the BJP's prestige rose meteorically, even though the nation began braving immense criticism and a steady decline in foreign investment and trade. PM Vajpayee also advanced the ballistic missiles program of the nation, and bolstered defence modernization and spending. PM Vajpayee also introduced many important economic and infrastructural reforms, encouraging the private sector, eradicating waste and restrictions and encouraging foreign investment, research and development and privatization of incompetent government entities. Soon in late 1998 and early 1999, Vajpayee began pushing for a full-scale diplomatic peace process with Pakistan. By visiting Lahore in with the historic inauguration of the Delhi-Lahore bus service in February 1999, Vajpayee initiated a historic new peace process to permanently resolve the Kashmir dispute and other territorial/nuclear/strategic conflicts with Pakistan. The Lahore Declaration espoused a commitment to dialogue, expanded trade relations and a goal of denuclearized South Asia, and mutual friendship. This eased much of the pressure created by the 1998 N-tests, not only between the two heavily militarized nations, but in South Asia and the world, and gave hope to hundreds of millions of Indians and Pakistanis that peace could still defeat the odds. In May 1999 (before the Kargil War), the AIADMK finally pulled the plug on the NDA, and the Vajpayee administration was reduced to a caretaker status pending fresh elections in October. Not this, however, but another cataclysmic event, arguably the biggest challenge of Vajpayee's administration shattered this hope of a new era, when just three months later, it was revealed that thousands of terrorists and Pakistani soldiers, (albeit un-uniformed, many carried official ids and Pakistan Army custom weaponry) had infiltrated into the Kashmir Valley, capturing control of border hilltops, unmanned border posts and spreading out fast. The action was centric to the town of Kargil, but also around the Batalik and Akhnoor sectors, including firing exchanges at the Siachen Glacier. Immediately major Army units were rushed into Kashmir. Operation Vijay, launched and fought throughout June, saw hundreds of brave soldiers fighting not only thousands of terorrists and soldiers amidst heavy artillery shelling, but extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the highest altitude in the world. Over 500 soldiers died, and it is estimated around 600 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well, but the hills and border posts were systematically liberated. Pakistan's army shot down two Air Force jets that were pounded the militants, and brutally killed and mutilated the body of pilot Ajay Ahuja, an act which angered literally hundreds of millions in India. But with steady Air Force support, the Army fought some absolutely heroic and legendary battles in heavy natural and military odds. The epic Battle of Tiger Hill, the most prominent and important hillpoint and post under militant contro, captured the anxiety and hope of 1 billion people as a few men climbed, charging into heavy fire but nevertheless liberating the post. Those few hundred soldiers, the Indian Army and the Prime Minister of India were national heroes. After both the United States and China refused to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif admitted defeat and now openly asked the militants to stop and withdraw to Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Pakistan was internationally exposed for this misadventure, and summarily humiliated by shady politicians and generals.

Third term: into the 21st century

On October 13, 1999, Gen. Pervez Musharaff, chief of Pakistan's army and the chief planner of the Kargil invasion, seized power from the civilian government. Arresting deposed PM Nawaz Sharif, he took power as the Chief Executive of Pakistan. This was the third military coup in the history of Pakistan. On the same day, Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the third time took oath as Prime Minister of India. The BJP-led NDA had won as many as 303 seats in the 543 seat Lok Sabha, a comfortable, stable majority, without the AIADMK. This majority could arguably have been bigger had elections been held in July or August, owing to the patriotic fervor at the end of the war. When an Indian Airlines flight, IC 814 from Nepal was kidnapped by Pakistani militants and flown via Pakistan to Taliban ruled Afghanistan in December 1999, another major national crisis propped up. The media and the relatives of the hijacked passengers built up tremendous pressure on the government to give in to the hijackers' demand to release certain Kashmiri terrorists from prison. The government ultimately caved in and Jaswant Singh, the Indian External Affairs minister flew with the terrorists to Afghanistan where the hijacked airliner had sought refuge and exchanged them for the passengers. No satisfactory explanation was ever given by the Indian government for the need of the External Affairs minister to personally escort the terrorists, which act, in the eyes of the Indian common man, only added to the ignominy of India's situation. This crisis also worsened the relationship between India and Pakistan, as the hijacked plane was allowed to re-fuel in Lahore, and all the hijackers save one were Pakistanis. One of the freed terrorists, Maulana Masood Azhar, was also a Pakistani citizen and a particularly important Kashmiri terrorist leader, who, shortly after being released, began roaming freely in Pakistan, giving numerous inciteful speeches in public fora and openly soliciting funds for terrorism. He subsequently floated another terrorist organization which cold bloodedly murdered far more innocent people than were passengers on the hijacked airliner. This episode once again re-iterated India's position as one of the most 'soft' states in the world. In March 2000, however, the Vajpayee Government could boast a major political score when Bill Clinton, President of the United States made the only second-ever visit by an American President to India. Happening barely 2 years after the Pokhran tests, and 1 year after the Kargil invasion and the coup in Pakistan, this signaled a major shift in U.S. foreign policy, by warming relations for the 21st century and leaving old-time Cold War frictions and suspicions. Both the PM and the President talked strategic issues, but the chief achievement was a major expansion in trade and economic ties, as well as a major vision shift for the U.S., trading a military-controlled Pakistan for a new ally in the World's largest democracy. The first-ever BJP government was under constant pressure from its ideological mentor, the RSS, and the hardcore VHP to enact the Hindutva agenda. But owing to its dependence on coalition support, it was impossible for the BJP to push items like building the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir in Ayodhya, repealing Article 356 and a uniform civil code for all people irrespective of religion. The BJP was accused of saffronizing (Saffron is the color of the flag of the RSS, symbol of the Hindu cultural movement) the official state education curriculum and apparatus. Several Christian missionaries were murdered by extreme Hindu activists in 1999 for forcing Hindus to convert and disparaging Hinduism. His number two Home Minister L.K. Advani and Education Minister Murli Manohar Joshi were chargesheeted in the 1992 Babri Mosque demolition case for inciting the destructive mob of activists, bringing controversy, discredit and confusion to government. The RSS also routinely criticized the government for free-market policies which introduced foreign goods and competition at the expense of home industries and products. PM Vajpayee and his Government earned the ire of many unionized workers groups and government workers by their aggressive campaign to privatize government corporations and entities. Vajpayee strongly pushed pro-business, free market reforms to reinvigorate India's economic transformation and expansion, started by former PM Narasimha Rao and stalled after 1996 by weak governments and the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Increased competitiveness, extra funding and support for the information technology and high-tech industries, deregulation of trade, investments and corporate laws, all increased foreign capital investment and set in motion an economic expansion that took the country into the 21st century. However, these couple of years of important reform produced exhausting battles and confusion to the direction of government. Vajpayee's weakening health also remained a subject of discussion, and he underwent a major knee-replacement surgery at the Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai to relieve great pressure on his legs. Cabinet portfolios were created and shuffled every six months to pacify restless coalition partners. In 2000, the Tehelka group released incriminating videos of the BJP President Bangaru Laxman and senior Army officers and NDA members accepting bribes from journalists posing as agents and businessmen. While no connection ever touched Vajpayee's image or credibility, the Defence Minister George Fernandes was forced to resign by intense criticism over this scandal, and another involving the botched supplies of coffins for the martyred soldiers in Kargil, and the fact that an inquiry commission saw that the Government could have prevented the invasion. Such flaring developments, and an economy giving mixed signals over controversial reforms reduced the Vajpayee administration's popularity and undermined its future. But the resilience of Vajpayee's vision crossed another milestone, as he again broke the ice in a grand fashion by inviting Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff to Delhi and Agra for a joint summit and peace talks. His second-major attempt to move beyond the stalemate tensions involved inviting the very man who had planned the Kargil invasions, but accepting him as the inevitable President of Pakistan, Vajpayee chose to move forward. But after three days of much fanfare, which included Musharaff visiting his birthplace in Delhi, the summit failed to budge an inch. Musharaff used the summit to win acceptance and legitimacy from his European and American critics, change his image from a reactionary war-monger dictator to a legitimate chief of state with a vision for the future. But none of this idealism made way to the table, as Musharaff made unacceptable demands of his hosts over the Kashmir issue, terrorism and the nuclear standoff, demanding extraordinary concessions that even the most radical Pakistani would know were doomed to fail. Vajpayee held the line, and the breakthrough never materialized. On December 13, 2001, a group of masked, armed men with fake ids snuck into the Parliament premises and stormed the Parliament building in Delhi. The terrorists managed to kill several security guards, but the building was sealed off swiftly and security forces cornered and killed the men, who were later proven to be Pakistanis. Coming just three months after the September 11 terrorist attacks upon the United States, this fresh escalation instantly enraged the nation. Although the Government of Pakistan officially condemned the attack, accumulating intelligence reports pointed the finger at a major conspiracy rooted in Pakistan. Prime Minister Vajpayee ordered a mobilization of India's military services, and as many as 500,000 servicemen amassed along the international boundary running through Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kashmir, and Pakistan responded with the same. Vicious terrorist attacks and an aggressive anti-terrorist campaign froze day-to-day life in Kashmir, and foreigners flocked out of both India and Pakistan, fearing a possible war and nuclear exchange. For as long as 2 years, both nations remained at a terrible vigil, often perilously close to a terrible war, and never ever safely away from the threat of one. Vajpayee's administration introduced the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance soon after the attacks, allowing police and security forces extraordinary powers to detain and question suspects for indefinite periods, and expanding government authority over the freedom of speech, assembly and other fundamental liberties in the interest of public safety and national security. Hotly opposed by the Congress Party and all non-NDA parties, Vajpayee nevertheless pressed on by invoking for the first time, a Joint Session of Parliament, so that the upper house, where non-NDA parties held a majority, would not stall the bill. A basic majority proclaimed the Prevention of Terrorism Act, or POTA. Human rights activists, minority rights groups, the Congress Party and the Left strongly attacked it as a rash, discriminatory, totalitarian law. The use of POTA by some state governments to jail political opponents was seen as the big failing of the law, and many Muslims saw the law give police permission to target and profile Muslims. Under the law, several radical Islamic organizations that preached the conversion of Hindus and an Islamic state in India were banned and its leaders and members arrested. But the biggest political disaster hit between December 2001 and March 2002: the VHP held the Government hostage in a major standoff in Ayodhya over the Ram temple. At the 10th anniversary of the destruction of the mosque, the VHP wanted to perform a sheela daan, or a ceremony laying the foundation stone of the cherised temple at the disputed site. Tens of thousands of VHP activists amassed and threatened to overrun the site and forcibly build the temple. A grave threat of not only communal violence, but an outright breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the Government by a religious organization hung over the nation. India's very secular foundations were shaken and the BJP fumbled to respond to and control its hardcore ally. Agreeing to a timely compromise, the ceremony was performed but off the controversial site, the offering accepted by a local government official. The standoff eased, and it is widely speculated that the Vajpayee administration threatened the VHP with grave consequences, including a permanent ban. The result was, that the VHP could not carry out its most fundamental promise before the very eyes of millions. Just a week following the standoff, a train carriage carrying hundreds of VHP activists returning from Ayodhya was attacked by a Muslim mob in Godhra, Gujarat. Fire was set off, killing 59 activists. To this day, it is unclear what caused the conflagration. The result was the first and most terrible episode of communal violence in the 21st century in India. See the 2002 Gujarat violence for more specific information. The visuals of charred remains set off frenzied Hindu mobs in the state of Gujarat, who attacked and killed over 1,000 Muslims. In all, over 2,000 people were killed and displaced. The state was shut down for over two months and refugee camps arose outside cities. The state government was led by Chief Minister Narendra Modi, a BJP leader. He was widely accused for the unwillingness of police to stop the mobs. The police was absent from streets, in the wrong places at the wrong times, not responding to help calls and official complaints, and often aiding the mobs in their attacks and lootings. The chaotic situation peaked when a marauding mob paraded right outside the Gujarat police chief's offices. Modi and senior VHP leaders simply defended the Hindu mobs as the "natural response" to the Godhra attacks. Many BJP lawmakers, ministers and VHP activists were accused of organizing mobs themselves. The Union Government appointed K.P.S. Gill, an ex-Punjab police chief to take over the reins of law enforcement, and sent in the Army to restore order. As Gujarat limped back to peace, the BJP government faced a major crisis. Vociferous assaults began, calling for Modi's resignation and even arrest, but the RSS and VHP stood strongly behind him, calling him a hero. In this confusion came Vajpayee's weakest moment: while he personally visited the state and publicly criticized the Chief Minister for not doing his moral duty to protect the people, he made a controversial speech at a national party convention in Goa in June, allegedly attacking Muslims for having tolerated the Godhra attackers, and not doing enough to counter Islamic terrorism entering the country. Several statements questioning the patriotism of Muslims were said to have been made by him, although Vajpayee strongly denies any such utterance. The result was his being attacked now by his political opposition, as well as raising suspicion from Hindu nationalists and the Muslim communities of the nation. In a Cabinet reshuffle, his more hardline associate Lal Krishna Advani was designated Deputy Prime Minister of India, and increased power in the party and the Cabinet, and more credibility with the RSS and the conservative Hindu base. In September 2002, Narendra Modi led the BJP to a major victory, and thus vindication through the state assembly elections. Having conducted a hard-right, hard-nosed campaign, Modi gave fresh energy, force and voice to hardline Hindus in the BJP's organization and political destiny. His defiant victory was seen standing right against the moral criticism handed down by the Prime Minister. But late 2002 and 2003 were good years for Vajpayee and the nation. Quietly side-stepping Modi and the Gujarat issues, the Government pushed economic reforms, and the country's GDP growth accelerated at record levels, exceeding 6-7%. Increasing foreign investment, modernization of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernization and expansion gave the country much needed and well-earned positive publicity in the world. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion increased the confidence of the Indian people. The Government reformed the tax system, increased the pace of reforms and pro-business initiatives, major irrigation and housing schemes and so on. The political energies of the BJP shifted to the rising urban middle-class and young people, who were positive and enthusiastic about the major economic expansion and future of the country. In August 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee stunned the nation by announcing before Parliament his "absolute last" effort to achieve peace with Pakistan. This stunning reversal, after some tragic humiliations and terrible developments over the past 5 years caused both friends and foes alike, including the Indian people and many in Pakistan, to look at Vajpayee in awe of his statesmanship and determination. He had risen from the ashes of the 2002 crises. Although the diplomatic process never truly set-off immediately, visits were exchanged by high-level officials and the military stand-off ended. The Pakistani President and Pakistani politicians, civil and religious leaders hailed this initiative as did the leaders of America, Europe and much of the world. In November-December 2003, the BJP won three major state elections, fought mainly on development issues, without ideological campaigns. A major public relations campaign was launched to reach out to Muslims and stop the 2002 controversies from haunting the party's future. But the attention of the media and of millions now moved from Vajpayee to his more possible successor, L.K. Advani, although the question was never directly raised or contested in any way. Vajpayee's age, failing health and diminished physical and mental vigor were obvious factors in such speculations. Advani assumed greater responsibilities in the party, and although no perceivable conflict has been known to arise between the longtime friends and political colleagues, several embarrasing statements were made. Once Vajpayee said "Advani would lead the BJP in the elections," prompting Advani to clarify that he would merely lead the election campaign, not the party. And then the BJP President Venkiah Naidu used mythological references to depict Vajpayee as a Vikas Purush, (Man of Progress), comparing him toBhishma Pitamah of the Mahabharata epic, a man respected by all political outfits and hundreds of millions of people. Advani was called the "Loh Purush" (Iron Man), a more potent reference suggestive of future developments. As the BJP prepared for General Elections in 2004, either early or late, Vajpayee was still the choice of the BJP, and crucially of the wider NDA for the Prime Minister's job.

Life and Legacy, Praise and Criticism, after Elections 2004

A.B. Vajpayee's BJP and the National Democratic Alliance were expected to pick up more seats and score a major victory in the 2004 elections. The Parliament was dissolved earlier than necessary in order to capitalize on the national economic boom and improved security and cultural atmosphere. A vigorous BJP campaign did its best to highlight the major progress achieved, and win the votes of the traditionally averse Muslims for the BJP candidates. Controversial and ideological issues were side-stepped in favor of bread-butter economic issues. But by the time the first three phases of voting were over, it was clear that the BJP was losing too many important seats to retain a formidable position in Parliament. The BJP and its flagship coaltion the NDA lost too many seats to be able to form a government, and regional, socialist and the Communist parties quickly grouped round the resurgent Indian National Congress to form a left-of-center United Progressive Alliance, which formed the government under Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. The fact that Vajpayee attended the swearing-in of the new government despite his party's decision to boycott them symbolized the growing acrimony to come. Many criticized Vajpayee for sacrificing core issues like Hindutva and the Ram Temple, and going overboard to woo Muslims (the BJP lost the Muslim vote by a heavy margin), and even moving too early to elections. The pro-Vajpayee activists accused Narendra Modi's controversial regime in Gujarat and the obstructiveness of the Hindu hard-right VHP and RSS for the defeat. The true factor behind the defeat was the widespread disenchantment amongst hundreds of millions of farmers, labourers and workers who were on the bottom-rung of society, mired in poverty, illiteracy and debt, and yet to cash in any benefit from the boom. While the BJP pandered to the rising middle-class of the cities, India's villages and small towns rallied behind pro-poor, socialistic political forces like the Congress. A.B. Vajpayee expressed his anger and frustration with repeated signals of resignation and retirement. But at a high-level party meeting, he decided to give up the position of the Leader of the Opposition to his long-time friend, second-in-command and successor, Lal Krishna Advani, who also became BJP President. Always a figure of consensus, Vajpayee became Chairman of the National Democratic Alliance. It is a widespread feeling with critics, journalists and many people that Vajpayee's time at the pinnacle of national politics and the BJP, and his position as the obvious BJP choice for Prime Minister is steadily fading. Vajpayee himself is taking more backseat roles and responsibilities, and his health ailments limit his ability to deal with the premier position in national life. Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 6 years at the Prime Minister's Office led to a major transformation and expansion of the national economy, improving life and opportunity for hundreds of millions of people. In the 1999 Kargil War, his leadership defended the country's integrity and security, while his broad-minded statesmanship in 1999, 2001 and 2004 kept the country's safety, peace and future on the high-course despite many discouraging events, failures and threats. During his 50 years as Member of Parliament, Vajpayee has established impeccable and virtually infallible credentials as a man of principle, integrity and commitment in the world of Indian politics, and as a leading visionary and statesman of the world. Atal Bihari Vajpayee sowed the seeds and rose with the growing nationalist movement in Indian politics. For four decades he was the flag-bearer, icon and undisputed leader of the Hindu nationalist political movement, working steadily through years of defeat and desolation to foster a major national movement, broad support amongst hundreds of millions and the leadership of the World's largest democracy and most diverse nation. Vajpayee's government is criticized over its ignorance of the issues and concerns of India's poor millions, over the famous corruption scandals, and the episodes of communal violence and rise of both Hindu and Muslim radicalism in politics. While praised for his leadership during the Kargil War and for his peace efforts with Pakistan, the Vajpayee administration is blamed for not being able to detect and prevent two serious terrorist attacks on the country, and an incursion into Indian sovereign territory. Vajpayee led a diverse, fractious coalition to complete a full five-year term in office, be the guiding light over a collage of political chaos. He gave stability and unity when the country was the least united, and security when the country was most susceptible. This included not only the security of the borders from invasion, but of the security of 100 million families with the provision of jobs and education in a solid, hopeful economic future, and the strategic national future security. Despite the rejection of his party in 2004, Vajpayee retains a position of esteem and respect amongst common people seldom offered to politicians in India, and the Indian people remain fondly attached to a simple, humble man who shouldered their gigantic nation, all its dreams and nightmares in chaotic storms, with the inherent invulnerability of his smiling face.

References

- J.N. Dixit India and Pakistan in War and Peace (2002-03)
- Jonah Blank Arrow of the Blue Skinned God

External links

- [http://bjp.org/leader/atalji.htm BJP website]
- [http://pib.nic.in/profile/bajpayee.html Govt. of India Website] Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vajpayee,Atal Bihari Vajpayee,Atal Bihari Category:BJP leaders

India

The Republic of India is a country in South Asia which comprises of the majority of the Indian subcontinent. India has a coastline which stretches over seven thousand kilometres, and shares its borders with Pakistan to the west, the People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, and Bangladesh and Myanmar on the east. On the Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to the island nations of the Maldives on the southwest, Sri Lanka on the south, and Indonesia on the southeast. India also claims a border with Afghanistan to the northwest. India is the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. It is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. It is home to some of the most ancient civilizations, and a centre of important historic trade routes. Four major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have originated from India. Formerly a major part of the British Empire as the British Raj before gaining independence in 1947, during the past twenty years the country has grown significantly, especially in its economic and military spheres, regionally as well as globally. The name India , is derived from the Old Persian version of Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the river Indus; see Origin of India's name. The Constitution of India and general usage also recognises Bharat ( ), which is derived from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Hindu king, whose story is to be found in the Mahabharata, as an official name of equal status. A third name, Hindustan ( ) , or Land of the Hindus in Persian, has been used since the twelfth century, though its contemporary use is unevenly applied due to domestic disputes over its representiveness as a national signifier.

History

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago and developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, which peaked between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It was followed by the Vedic Civilisation. From around 550 BC onwards, many independent kingdoms came into being. In the north, the Maurya dynasty, which included Ashoka, contributed greatly to India's cultural landscape. From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, with the successive establishment in the northern Indian Subcontinent of the Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian kingdoms, and finally the Kushan Empire. From the 3rd century AD onwards the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age". Gupta dynasty built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]] In the south, several dynasties including the Chalukyas, Cheras, Cholas, Kadambas, Pallavas and Pandyas prevailed during different periods. Science, art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, engineering, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings. Following the Islamic invasions in the beginning of the second millennium, much of north and central India came to be ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, and later, much of the entire subcontinent by the Mughal dynasty. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms remained or rose to power, especially in the relatively sheltered south. Vijayanagara Empire was notable among such kingdoms. During the middle of the second millennium, several European countries, including the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British, who were initially interested in trade with India, took advantage of fractured kingdoms fighting each other to establish colonies in the country. After a failed insurrection in 1857 against the British East India Company, popularly known in India as the First War of Indian Independence and most commonly known in the West as the Indian Mutiny, most of India came under the direct administrative control of the crown of the British Empire. British Empire, Orissa built in the 13th century, is one of the most famous monuments of stone sculpture in the world.]] sculpture in the 10th century AD.]] In the early part of the 20th century, a prolonged and largely non-violent struggle for independence, the Indian independence movement, followed, to be eventually led by Mahatma Gandhi, regarded officially as the Father Of The Nation. The culmination of this path-breaking struggle was reached on 1947-08-15 when India gained full independence from British rule, later becoming a republic on 1950-01-26. As a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, India has had its share of sectarian violence and insurgencies in different parts of the country. Nonetheless, it has held itself together as a secular, liberal democracy barring a brief period from 1975 to 1977 during which the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a "state of emergency" with the suspension of civil rights. India has unresolved border disputes with China, which escalated into a brief war in 1962, and Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, and 1971, and a border altercation in the northern state of Kashmir in 1999. India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test, making it an unofficial member of the "nuclear club", which was followed up with a series of five more tests in 1998. Significant economic reforms beginning in 1991 have transformed India into one of the fastest growing economies in the world and added to its global clout.

Government

The Constitution of India states India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India is a federal republic, with a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has a three branch system of governance consisting of the legislature, executive and judiciary. The President, who is the head of state, has a largely ceremonial role. His roles include interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action, and issuing pardons. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President and Vice-President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms. The Prime Minister is the head of government and most executive powers are vested in this office. He (or she) is elected by legislators of the political party, or coalition, commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term incumbent upon enjoying this majority. The constitution does not provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time. The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament which consists of the upper house known as the Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, the lower house known as the Lok Sabha, or House of the People, and the President. The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college and has a staggered six year term. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected for a five year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. All Indian citizens above the age of eighteen are eligible to vote. The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In India's parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature. India's independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. There are eighteen appellate High Courts, having jurisdiction over a large state or a group of states. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President.

Politics

Chief Justice of India For most of its independent history, India's national government has been controlled by the Indian National Congress Party. Following its position as the largest political organisation in pre-independence India, Congress, usually led by a member of the Nehru-Gandhi family, dominated national politics for over forty years. In 1977, a united opposition, under the banner of the Janata Party, won the election and formed a non-Congress government for a short period after the unpopular 'emergency rule' imposed by Indira Gandhi in the previous Congress regime. In 1996, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a political party with a right wing nationalist ideology, became the largest single party, and established for the first time a serious opposition to the largely centre-left Congress. But power was held by two successive coalition governments, who stayed on with the support of the Congress. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) along with smaller parties and became the first non-Congress government to sustain the full five year term after it returned to power in 1999. The decade prior to 1999 was marked by short-lasting governments, with seven separate governments formed within that period. One however, a Congress government formed in 1991, lasted the full five years and initiated significant economic reforms. In the 2004 Indian elections the Congress party returned to power after winning the largest number of seats, by a narrow margin. Congress formed a government in alliance with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and with several mostly-regional parties called the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA, led by the BJP, currently forms the main opposition. All governments formed since 1996 have required party coalitions, with no single majority party, due to the steady rise of regional parties at the national level.

States and union territories

India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into districts), six Union Territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. States have their own elected government, whereas Union Territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government, though some have elected governments. India has had two scientific bases in Antarctica – the Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri, but has made no territorial claims so far.

Geography

Maitri in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the far east making up most of India's eastern borders]] India's entire north and northeast states are made up of the Himalayan Range. The rest of northern, central and eastern India consists of the fertile Indo-Gangetic plain. Towards western India, bordering southeast Pakistan, lies the Thar Desert. The southern Indian peninsula is almost entirely composed of the Deccan plateau. The plateau is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganga (Ganges), the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, and the Krishna. The rivers are responsible for the fertile plains in northern India which are conducive to farming. The Indian climate varies from a tropical climate in the south to a more temperate climate in the north. Parts of India which lie in the Himalaya have a tundra climate. India gets most of its rains through the monsoons.

Economy

monsoon India has an economy ranked as the tenth largest in the world in terms of currency conversion and fourth largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It recorded one of the fastest annual growth rates of 6.9% for the year ending March 2005. India's per-capita income by purchasing power parity is US$ 3,262, ranked 125th by the World Bank. India's foreign exchange reserves amount to over US$ 143 billion. Mumbai serves as the nation's financial capital and is also home to both the headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India and the pre-eminent Bombay Stock Exchange. While a quarter of Indians still live below the poverty line, a large middle class has now emerged along with the rapid growth of the IT industry. The Indian economy has shed much of its historical dependence on agriculture, which now contributes to less than 25 % of GDP. Other important industries are mining, petroleum, diamond polishing, films, textiles, information technology services, and handicrafts. Most of India's industrial regions are centred around major cities. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest players in software and business process outsourcing services, with revenues of US$ 17.2 billion in 2004 to 2005. Many small-scale industries provide steady employment to workers in small towns and villages. business process outsourcing While India receives only around three million foreign visitors a year, tourism is still an important but under-developed source of national income. Tourism contributes 5.3 % of India's GDP. The actual employment generation, both direct and indirect, is estimated to be 42 million, or about 10 % of India's work force. In monetary terms, it contributes about US$4 billion in foreign exchange. India's major trading partners are the United States, Japan, China and the United Arab Emirates. India's main exports items include agricultural products, textile goods, gems and jewellry, software services and technology, engineering goods, chemicals and leather products while its main import commodities are crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, chemicals. For the year 2004, India's total exports stood at US$ 69.18 billion while the imports were worth at US $89.33 billion.

Demographics

India is the second most populous country in the world, with only China having a larger population. By 2030, India is expected to surpass China with the world's largest population, estimated at 1.6 billion. Language, religion, and caste are major determinants of social and political organisation within the highly diverse Indian population today. Its biggest metropolitan agglomerations are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Chennai (formerly Madras). Chennai]] India's literacy rate is 64.8 % with 53.7 % of females and 75.3 % of males being literate. The sex ratio is 933 females for every 1000 males. Work Participation Rate (WPR) (the percentage of workers to total population) stands at 39.1 % with male WPR at 51.7 % and female WPR at 25.6 % inote|eu{inote|demostats{inote|religion{ref|languages{inote|tongues{see2|Christianity in India|Jews in India{seealso3|List of Indian languages by total speakers|List of cities in India|Religion in India{main|Culture of India{seealso4|List of World Heritage sites in India|Indian architecture|Indian family name|Cuisine of India{main|Sports in India{main|Holidays in India{Official Holidays of India{Topics related to India{portal{sisterlinks|India{wikitravel{wikicities|india|India{explain-inote{Web reference | title=India facts and figures | work=Embassy of India| URL= http://www.indianembassy.org/dydemo/indiaprofile/profile.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Forex reserves up by $1bn | work=Economic Times| URL= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1093864.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India Economy | work=Travel Document Systems |URL= http://www.traveldocs.com/in/economy.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Services | work=India in Business| URL= http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/india-profile/ser-infotech.htm | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Destination India: An Unpolished Diamond | work=Times of India | URL= http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/819309.cms | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= US, UAE, UK, China, Japan among India's top trade partners | work=Indian Express| URL= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/business/20050102-0.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= CIA Factbook : India | work=CIA Factbook | URL= http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/in.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Provisional Population Totals 2001 Census| work=Census of India| URL=http://www.censusindia.net/results/resultsmain.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Debating India & India's literacy rate | work=Debating India | URL= http://india.eu.org/1963.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= India – Country profiles | work=indexmundi.com | URL= http://www.indexmundi.com/India/ India | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work=Census of India | URL= http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | date=August 14 | year=2005{Web reference | title= Languages of India | work=India image | URL= http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm| date=August 14 | year=2005{Book reference | Author=K.M. Matthew | Title=Manorama Yearbook 2003 | Publisher= Malaya Manorama | Year=2003 | ID=ISBN 8190046187{mnb|afgh|1{mnb|LoC|2{South Asia{Asia{Commonwealth of Nations{SAARC{Life in India{Link FA|sv{Link FA|sv

Shaikh Abdullah

Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (1905 - 1982) was a prominent Kashmiri politician. His ancestors a few generations earlier were Kashmiri Pandit. As a student, he founded the Muslim Conference party in 1931, agitating against the rule of the Maharaja, and urging self-rule for Kashmir. He was popularly called Shere Kashmir (Lion of Kashmir). He married Akbar Jahan, the daughter of Harry Nedou, the European proprietor of a chain of hotels in India including Nedou's hotel in Srinagar, and his Kashmiri wife. He became Kashmir’s prime minister in 1948 but resisted repeated Indian effort to integrate his state fully with India. In 1953 he was dismissed as prime minister and jailed for eleven years, accused of corruption and planning independence. He was later interned from 1965 to 1968 and exiled from Kashmir in 1971 for 18 months. He returned to mainstream of Indian politics in 1975 after accord with Indira Gandhi, then India’s prime minister, by giving up demand for plebiscite. He now returned with the job of chief minister of Kashmir, which he held until his death. He was followed as chief minister by his son, Farooq Abdullah. He was a spell-binding speaker in Kashmiri and Urdu. His autobiography in Urdu is entitled Atish-e-Chinar.

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference is a political party in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is led by Omar Abdullah. Category:Indian political parties-Jammu and Kashmir Category:Kashmir

Category:Indian politicians

Category:Politicians of Asian nations Politicians Category:Politics of India

T-probe

T-Probe

The T-Probe is a device used in Frank Herberts "Dune" series to map the brain of a subject. It is similar in use to an Ixian Probe; It is an interrogation tool. The only known case of a T-Probe not working is on Miles Teg, whose Mentat abilities and shere protected him also forcing him into a new range of abilities.

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